Major Mycotoxins And Toxin Producing Fungi From Corn, Cereals, Soybeans, Peanuts, And Other Products And Some Of Their Effects On Animals
Toxin or syndrome |
Fungal source |
Feeds or foods affected |
Possible effects on animals |
| Aspergillus Toxins (primarily) Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (B2a, G2a, M1, and M2 are metabolites and seldom present in grain; M1 and M2 are important contaminants in milk) | A. flavus and A. parasiticus |
Cereal grains, peanuts, soybeans, and other foods. |
Hepatotoxin; carcinogenic; reduced growth rate; hemmorrhagic enteritis; suppression of natural immunity to infection; decreased production of meat, milk, and eggs. |
| Ochratoxins (nephrotoxins) | A. ochraceus and Penicillium viridicatum |
Cereal grains. |
Toxic to kidneys and liver; abortion; poor feed conversion, reduced growth rate, general unthriftiness; reduced immunity to infection. |
| Sterigmatocystin | A. nidulans and A. versicolor |
Cereal grains. |
Toxemia; carcinogenic. |
| Tremorgenic toxin | A. flavus, P. cyclopium, and P. palitans |
Cereal grains, soybeans, peanuts, and other food feeds. |
Tremors and convulsions. |
| Penicillium Toxins (primarily) Luteoskyrin | P. islandicum |
Rice. |
Tremors and convulsions. |
| Patulin | P. urticae, P. expansum, P. claviforme, and A. clavatus |
Cereal grains, apple products. |
Hemorrhages of lung and brain; edema toxic to kidneys; possibly carcinogenic. |
| Rubratoxin | P. rubrum |
|
Liver damage and hemorrhage. |
| Citrinin | P. citrinum |
|
Kidney damage. |
| Penicillic Acid | -- |
|
-- |
| Fusarium Toxins Zearalenone (Estrogenic syndrome) Zearalenol |
F. graminearum, F. tricinctum, and, in a minor way, F. moniliforme |
Cereal grains. |
Hyperestrogenism, infertility, stunting, and even death. |
| Emetic or feed refusal factor (Vomitoxin), deoxynivalenol or DON | F. graminearum (sexual state, Gibberella zeae) |
Cereal grains. |
Food refusal by swine, cats, dogs; reduction in weight gain. |
| Other trichothecenes (T-2, HT-2, Monoacetoxyscirpenol or MAS, Diactoxyscirpenol or DAS) | F. tricinctum, some strains of F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. lateritium, F. poae, and F. sporotrichoides |
Cereal grains. |
Severe inflammation of gastrointestinal tract and possible hemorrhage; edema; vomiting and diarrhea; infertility; degeneration of bone marrow; death; reduced weight gain; slow growth; sterility. |
| Fumonisin B1, B2 | F. monoliforme |
Corn. |
Leucoencephalomalacia, "blind staggers," in horses. |
| Ergot Toxins, Ergopeptines | Claviceps purpurea |
Cereal grains. |
Vasoconstriction, loss of extremities (ears, tail, feet, etc.) |
| Ergovaline | Acremonium coenophialum |
Fescue. |
Reduced weight gain, abortion, poor survivability of offspring, fescue foot. |
This document is part of the Webpage: www.micotoxinas.com.br
Compiled by Prof. Homero Fonseca, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil/
FONSECA & CIA. S/C LTDA. - ME